Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis can cause discomfort and difficulties with urination and may make you feel unwell. Here is a detailed overview of the symptoms in adults and children, along with advice on when to seek medical attention.
Symptoms of Cystitis in Adults
Common symptoms of cystitis in adults include:
- Pain, burning, or stinging when urinating: This can be a sign of inflammation in the bladder or urethra.
- Frequent and urgent need to urinate: You may feel the need to go more often than usual and have a sudden, urgent need to urinate.
- Feeling of incomplete emptying: You may feel like you need to urinate again shortly after using the toilet.
- Dark, cloudy, or strong-smelling urine: Changes in the appearance or odor of your urine can indicate an infection.
- Lower abdominal pain: Pain or pressure may occur in the pelvic area.
- Feeling generally unwell, tired, and achy: Some people may experience a general sense of being unwell, fatigue, or mild nausea.
- Blood in the urine (hematuria): This is a less common symptom but can be a sign of cystitis.
Note: Cystitis in adults does not usually cause a high fever. If you have a fever of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher along with back or side pain, it could indicate a kidney infection and you should seek immediate medical attention.
Symptoms of Cystitis in Children
Cystitis in children can be more difficult to identify, as the symptoms may be vague or hard for younger children to communicate. Possible symptoms include:
- High fever (38°C or above): A fever can sometimes be the first noticeable symptom in young children.
- Weakness and fatigue: Your child may seem unusually tired or lethargic.
- Irritability: Children may be more irritable or fussy.
- Reduced appetite: Loss of interest in food or eating less than usual may occur.
- Vomiting: Some children with cystitis may vomit.
- Children may also show adult-like symptoms, such as pain or burning when urinating, increased frequency of urination, and abdominal pain.
When to See a GP
- First-time symptoms: If you or your child experience cystitis symptoms for the first time, consult your GP to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
- Severe or persistent symptoms: If your symptoms are severe, do not start improving within a few days, or if you experience frequent episodes of cystitis, you should see your GP.
- Pregnancy: Pregnant women with symptoms of cystitis should seek medical advice to prevent complications.
- Children and men: Cystitis is less common in these groups, so any symptoms should be evaluated by a GP, as it could indicate a more serious issue.
Mild Cases
Women who have previously experienced cystitis and have mild symptoms may not need to see a GP every time, as the condition often resolves on its own. In such cases, you can consult a pharmacist for advice on managing symptoms.
Prompt medical attention can help ensure proper treatment and prevent complications, such as the infection spreading to the kidneys.
Causes of cystitis
Cystitis is primarily caused by a bacterial infection, but it can also result from bladder irritation or damage. Here’s a detailed look at the common causes and contributing factors:
Bacterial Infections
- Bacteria Introduction: Cystitis often occurs when bacteria, normally found in the bowel or on the skin, enter the bladder through the urethra and multiply.
- Prevalence in Women: Women are more susceptible due to their anatomical structure; the urethra is shorter, and its proximity to the anus makes bacterial transfer more likely.
- Common Causes:
- Sexual Activity: Bacteria can be introduced during intercourse.
- Improper Hygiene: Wiping from back to front after using the toilet can transfer bacteria.
- Tampons or Catheters: Inserting these items may introduce bacteria into the bladder.
- Contraceptive Diaphragms: These can potentially alter the vaginal bacterial balance.
Risk Factors Increasing Susceptibility
- Incomplete Bladder Emptying: If the bladder isn’t fully emptied, it can create an environment for bacteria to grow.
- Potential Reasons:
- Blockages: Such as bladder stones.
- Pregnancy: Pressure from the baby on the bladder.
- Men (Enlarged Prostate): May press on the urethra.
- Potential Reasons:
- Menopause:
- Hormonal Changes: Reduced oestrogen levels can thin and shrink the lining of the urethra, making it more vulnerable to infection.
- Bacterial Imbalance: The natural vaginal bacteria balance may change, making infections more likely.
- Diabetes:
- High Sugar Levels: Elevated glucose levels can create an environment where bacteria multiply more easily, increasing the risk of infection.
Other Causes and Irritants
- Sexual Friction: Physical irritation from intercourse can lead to cystitis.
- Chemical Irritants: Perfumed soaps, bubble baths, and certain hygiene products can irritate the bladder.
- Medical Procedures:
- Catheters: Insertion or long-term use can cause irritation or introduce bacteria.
- Bladder Surgery: May cause temporary irritation.
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy: Treatments for cancer can sometimes inflame the bladder.
- Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): Changes to the genitals through this illegal practice may lead to cystitis.
- Recreational Drug Use: The use of ketamine has been linked to cystitis in some individuals.
If you suspect you have cystitis or experience recurrent symptoms, seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Treating Cystitis
Mild Cases:
- Self-Clearing: Mild cases often clear up within a few days without antibiotics.
- When to See a GP:
- First-time symptoms of cystitis.
- Symptoms do not improve within a few days.
- Frequent occurrences of cystitis.
- Severe symptoms, such as blood in the urine.
- If you are pregnant and have symptoms of cystitis.
- If you are a man or a child experiencing symptoms.
Self-Help Measures:
- Pain Relief: Take over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen. Ensure you read the information leaflet or check with a pharmacist before taking any medication.
- Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water may help flush the infection, although its effectiveness is unclear.
- Use Heat for Comfort: Place a hot water bottle on your lower abdomen or between your thighs to reduce discomfort.
- Avoid Sexual Activity: Refrain from sex until you’re feeling better to prevent worsening the condition.
- Optional Remedies: Some people find relief with cranberry juice or urine acidity-reducing products like sodium bicarbonate or potassium citrate, but evidence of their effectiveness is limited. Check with a healthcare provider before using these, especially if you’re on other medication.
Antibiotic Treatment:
- Typical Course: Your GP may prescribe antibiotics to be taken 2 to 4 times daily for around 3 days.
- Quick Results: Antibiotics often start working quickly. If symptoms don’t improve within a few days, return to your GP.
- Side Effects: Most people tolerate antibiotics well, but side effects can include nausea, itching, rash, and diarrhea.
Managing Recurrent Cystitis:
- Stand-By Antibiotics: Your doctor may provide a prescription that you can use at a pharmacy when symptoms recur, without needing a GP visit.
- Continuous Antibiotics:
- After Sex: If cystitis is triggered by sex, you may be advised to take antibiotics within 2 hours of intercourse.
- Non-Sexual Causes: If unrelated to sex, you may be given a low-dose antibiotic for a trial period of up to 6 months.
- Prevention Measures: Your doctor may offer preventive advice, though their effectiveness varies.
If you experience recurrent or severe cystitis, seek medical guidance for a tailored approach to manage and reduce episodes.
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