Bronchitis is an infection of the main airways in the lungs (bronchi), leading to irritation and inflammation. The condition can affect people of any age, though it is more common in children under 5 years old and during the winter months. It often follows a cold, sore throat, or flu.

Types of Bronchitis

• Acute Bronchitis: This is temporary and usually clears up on its own within a few weeks. It is often caused by a viral infection.
• Chronic Bronchitis: This is a long-term condition and part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic bronchitis is characterized by persistent inflammation of the airways.

Symptoms of Bronchitis

The primary symptom of bronchitis is a hacking cough, which may produce yellow-green mucus (phlegm). Other symptoms include:

• Sore Throat
• Headache
• Runny or Blocked Nose
• Aches and Pains
• Tiredness
• Shortness of Breath or Wheezing

When to Seek Medical Advice

• Emergency Situations: Dial 999 (UK) or your local emergency number if:
  • You are struggling to breathe, choking, gasping, or unable to speak.
  • You have pale, blue, or blotchy skin, lips, or tongue (easier to notice on lips, tongue, gums, under nails, or around eyes for people with darker skin tones).
  • You suddenly feel confused or disoriented.
  • Your baby is floppy or difficult to wake.
• Non-Emergency Situations: Contact your GP if:
  • Your cough is severe or persists longer than 3 weeks.
  • You have a constant fever lasting more than 3 days.
  • You cough up blood or blood-streaked mucus.
  • You experience repeated episodes of bronchitis.
  • You have a chronic condition (e.g., diabetes, heart, lung, or kidney disease).

If your GP practice is closed, phone 111 (UK) for further guidance.

Treatment for Bronchitis

In most cases, acute bronchitis will resolve on its own within a few weeks. General treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms:

• Do:
  • Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids.
  • Rest: Get adequate sleep to help your body recover.
  • Stop Smoking: If you smoke, it is essential to quit, as smoking can worsen symptoms and delay healing.
  • Avoid Smoke Exposure: Keep away from smoky environments.
  • Paracetamol: Take as needed for headaches, fever, and general aches (follow the manufacturer’s instructions).
  • Honey and Lemon Drink: Can help soothe a sore throat and ease a cough.

Note: Chronic bronchitis may require different, long-term management, often with the involvement of a healthcare professional.

Complications of Bronchitis

The most common complication is pneumonia, where the infection spreads deeper into the lungs, causing fluid build-up in the lung air sacs. Increased Risk Factors for Pneumonia include:

• Elderly individuals.
• Smokers.
• People with other health conditions (heart, liver, or kidney disease).
• People with weakened immune systems.

Treatment for Pneumonia:

• Mild Cases: Can often be treated at home with antibiotics.
• Severe Cases: May require hospitalization for more intensive treatment.