Table of Contents

Understanding Allergies

An allergy is an immune response the body has to certain foods or substances. While many allergens are harmless to most people, allergic reactions can impact daily life, affecting over 25% of people in the UK alone.

Common Allergens and Types of Allergies

Allergens are substances that trigger allergic reactions, and common ones include:

Pollen: Seasonal allergies, also known as hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
Dust mites and animal dander: Found indoors and common in households
Food: Particularly nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, and some fruits
Insect stings and medications (like ibuprofen and antibiotics)
Household chemicals: Often in detergents and hair dyes
Mould spores and latex: Latex is used in gloves and medical supplies

Symptoms of an Allergic Reaction

Reactions can occur within minutes of exposure, leading to symptoms like:

Sneezing, coughing, wheezing
A runny or blocked nose
Red, itchy eyes
Skin rashes or hives
Asthma or eczema flare-ups

For some, reactions can escalate to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent medical attention.

Managing Allergies

Avoiding allergens is the primary strategy. Reading food labels, checking ingredients, and using alternatives can minimize risk. Medications for symptom relief include:

Antihistamines: Prevent and control mild reactions
Decongestants: Provide short-term relief for nasal congestion
Creams and emollients: Soothe irritated skin
Steroids: Reduce swelling and redness in severe reactions

Immunotherapy may be recommended for severe cases, gradually desensitizing the body to specific allergens.

When to Seek Professional Advice

If symptoms are persistent or severe, consult a pharmacist or GP. Allergy testing may be necessary for accurate diagnosis and effective management.

Causes and Growing Prevalence of Allergies

Allergies result from an immune response to harmless substances, often influenced by family history, asthma, or eczema. Rising allergy rates may relate to reduced germ exposure in modern environments, leading to immune overreactions.

By understanding allergies, common triggers, and effective management, you can better navigate and mitigate allergic reactions in daily life.

Symptoms of Allergies: Signs, Severity, and When to Seek Help

Allergic reactions typically manifest shortly after exposure to an allergen, often within minutes. However, in some cases, symptoms can appear more gradually over several hours. While most allergic reactions are mild and manageable, severe reactions, known as anaphylaxis, can occur and require urgent medical attention.

Common Allergy Symptoms

The severity and type of allergic reaction often depend on the allergen and the way it contacts the body. Here are some typical symptoms to watch for:

Respiratory Symptoms: Sneezing, itchy, runny, or blocked nose (allergic rhinitis), and red, itchy, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
Breathing Difficulties: Wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing
Skin Reactions: Raised, itchy red rash (hives) or dry, red, cracked skin
Swelling: Swollen lips, tongue, eyes, or face
Digestive Symptoms: Tummy pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea

Variability of Symptoms

Symptoms can vary based on the allergen and the nature of exposure. For example, exposure to pollen might trigger sneezing and a runny nose, while a skin allergy might cause a rash. Food allergies, on the other hand, often result in digestive symptoms.

When to Consult a Pharmacist or Doctor

If you or your child experience possible allergy symptoms, a pharmacist can help identify if an allergy is the likely cause or if another condition is to blame. For persistent or severe symptoms, it is advisable to see a healthcare provider for a comprehensive diagnosis and testing.

Severe Allergic Reaction: Anaphylaxis

In rare cases, allergies can lead to a severe, life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. This type of reaction involves the entire body and typically develops rapidly upon exposure to an allergen.

Symptoms of Anaphylaxis Include:

Swelling of the throat and mouth, leading to difficulty breathing
Lightheadedness or confusion
Blue skin or lips (indicating a lack of oxygen)
Collapsing or loss of consciousness

Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of anaphylactic shock, seek emergency medical attention immediately.

Testing for Allergies: Diagnosis Methods and What to Expect

If you suspect an allergy, speaking to a healthcare professional is essential. Start by discussing your symptoms, triggers, and their frequency with a pharmacist, who may recommend treatments for mild allergies. For severe or unclear cases, a GP referral to a specialist allergy clinic may be necessary. Below are the most common allergy testing methods used to identify specific allergens.

1. Skin Prick Testing

Skin prick tests are one of the primary methods for identifying allergies. This procedure involves placing a small drop of a potential allergen on your forearm. The skin is gently pricked to introduce the substance. If you’re allergic, a red, itchy bump will appear within 15 minutes.

Advantages: Painless, safe, and provides quick results
Important Note: Avoid taking antihistamines before the test, as they can impact results.

2. Blood Tests

Blood tests help detect allergies by measuring specific antibodies produced by the immune system when exposed to an allergen. These tests can be used independently or alongside skin prick tests.

Process: A blood sample is taken and tested for immune responses to common allergens.
Usage: Ideal when skin prick tests are unsuitable or when additional confirmation is needed.

3. Patch Testing

For individuals with contact dermatitis, patch tests are used to identify allergens that cause skin reactions.

How it Works: Small amounts of suspected allergens are placed on metal discs, which are then taped to the skin. After 48 hours, the area is checked for any reactions.
Purpose: Primarily used to diagnose eczema triggered by skin contact with allergens.

4. Elimination Diet

For suspected food allergies, an elimination diet can help identify triggers by temporarily removing certain foods from your diet.

Process: Specific foods are avoided to see if symptoms improve. After a few weeks, these foods may be reintroduced under medical supervision to observe any reactions.
Caution: Always carry out elimination diets under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

5. Challenge Testing

Food challenge tests are the most accurate method for diagnosing food allergies but come with higher risks due to the potential for severe reactions.

Procedure: Gradually increasing amounts of the suspected allergen are consumed under close medical supervision.
Safety: Conducted in a clinical setting equipped to handle severe reactions if they occur.

Treating Allergies: Strategies, Medications, and Prevention

Allergy treatments vary depending on what triggers your reaction. In many cases, pharmacists can offer valuable advice and medications to help control symptoms. Here’s a comprehensive overview of effective allergy treatment options and preventive measures.

Avoiding Allergen Exposure

The most effective way to manage allergies is to avoid exposure to known allergens whenever possible. While this can be challenging, here are some specific steps you can take:

Food Allergies: Carefully check food labels and ingredients to avoid allergens.
Animal Allergies: Keep pets outdoors as much as possible and bathe them regularly.
Mould Allergies: Keep your home dry, well-ventilated, and address dampness promptly.
Hay Fever: Stay indoors when pollen counts are high and keep windows closed.
Dust Mite Allergies: Use allergy-proof bedding and consider replacing carpets with wooden flooring.

Allergy Medications

Many medications for mild allergies are available over-the-counter at pharmacies. Always consult with a pharmacist before trying a new medication to ensure it is safe and appropriate for you.

1. Antihistamines

Antihistamines are commonly used to treat allergic reactions. They work by blocking histamines, which cause allergy symptoms.

When to Use: Take them as needed when symptoms appear or preventatively before expected exposure (e.g., hay fever during high pollen counts).
Forms: Available as tablets, capsules, creams, liquids, eye drops, or nasal sprays, depending on the affected area.

2. Decongestants

Decongestants offer short-term relief for nasal congestion caused by allergies.

Forms: Available as tablets, capsules, nasal sprays, or liquids.
Caution: Limit use to no more than one week, as prolonged use can worsen symptoms.

3. Lotions and Creams

For red, itchy skin caused by allergies, several over-the-counter creams can help:

Emollients: Moisturize and protect the skin.
Calamine Lotion: Reduces itchiness.
Steroid Creams: Help reduce inflammation (available in varying strengths).

4. Steroids

Steroid medications reduce inflammation and are available in different forms:

Nasal sprays and eye drops: For inflamed nose and eyes.
Creams: For eczema and contact dermatitis.
Inhalers: For asthma symptoms.
Tablets: For severe allergic reactions, such as hives (urticaria).

Note: Stronger steroid options require a prescription.

Immunotherapy (Desensitization)

Immunotherapy may be an option for people with severe and persistent allergies who cannot control symptoms through other means. The treatment involves administering small doses of the allergen over several years to build tolerance.

Forms: Injections, drops, or tablets taken under the tongue.
Supervision: Injections must be done in a clinic due to potential severe reactions; drops or tablets may be taken at home.

The goal of immunotherapy is to lessen the severity of allergic reactions, reducing the need for medications. While it may not completely cure the allergy, it can make symptoms more manageable.

Treating Severe Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)

For those at risk of life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), carrying an adrenaline injector is essential.

Symptoms of Anaphylaxis: Difficulty breathing, swelling, and other severe reactions.
Action Plan: Inject adrenaline into the outer thigh at the onset of symptoms and seek emergency medical help immediately.

Preventing Allergic Reactions: Practical Tips and Precautions

The most effective way to manage allergies is to avoid exposure to the substances that trigger reactions. While this is not always possible, here are some practical steps to minimize exposure to common allergens.

Reducing Exposure to Common Allergens

1. House Dust Mites

Dust mites are a major cause of allergies and are found in household dust. You can reduce their presence by:

Using wood or hard vinyl flooring instead of carpets
Choosing wipeable roller blinds
Opting for leather, plastic, or vinyl furniture instead of upholstered options
Regularly cleaning cushions, soft toys, curtains, and furniture by washing at a high temperature or vacuuming
Using tested allergy-proof covers for mattresses, duvets, and pillows
Cleaning with a vacuum that has a HEPA filter to trap more dust mites
Wiping surfaces with a damp cloth to avoid spreading dust

Focus on reducing dust mites in areas where you spend the most time, such as bedrooms and living rooms. More information on indoor allergies is available on the Allergy UK website.

2. Pets

Pet allergies are caused by exposure to their dead skin (dander), saliva, or dried urine—not fur. If removing pets from the home isn’t an option, try:

Keeping pets outside or limiting them to non-carpeted areas
Keeping pets out of bedrooms
Bathing pets weekly
Grooming pets outdoors
Washing pet bedding and soft furnishings regularly
Using air filters in main living areas
Increasing room ventilation with fans, air conditioning, or open windows

When visiting homes with pets, take an antihistamine beforehand and ask your hosts not to vacuum or dust on the day of your visit to minimize airborne allergens.

Learn more about pet allergies from the Allergy UK website.

3. Mould Spores

Moulds release tiny particles that can trigger allergic reactions. To reduce exposure:

Keep your home dry and well-ventilated
Remove indoor potted plants
Avoid drying clothes indoors and store clothing in well-ventilated spaces
Deal promptly with dampness and condensation
Avoid damp buildings, woods, compost heaps, and cut grass

4. Food Allergies

Food manufacturers are required by law to label foods with potential allergens. To prevent food-related allergic reactions:

Carefully read food labels and check ingredient lists
Communicate dietary needs clearly when dining out
Avoid buffet-style eating due to cross-contamination risk
Inform restaurant staff about your allergy severity
Confirm ingredients even for familiar dishes, as recipes can change

When in doubt, opt for simple dishes to reduce hidden ingredients. Additional advice is available from the Food Standards Agency.

5. Hay Fever (Pollen Allergies)

Pollen allergies (hay fever) are caused by pollen from trees and grasses. Symptoms peak during spring and summer when plants pollinate. To manage hay fever:

Stay indoors during high pollen counts (check weather reports)
Avoid drying clothes outside during high pollen periods
Wear wraparound sunglasses outdoors
Keep doors and windows closed
Shower and change clothes after outdoor activities
Avoid grassy areas during peak pollen times
Delegate lawn mowing to someone else if possible

6. Insect Bites and Stings

For those with insect allergies, precautions include:

Covering exposed skin
Wearing shoes outdoors
Using insect repellent
Avoiding perfumes and fragrances that attract insects

Preventing Severe Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)

If you are at risk of anaphylaxis, always carry two adrenaline auto-injectors. Wearing a MedicAlert bracelet or similar tag can alert others to your condition in emergencies. Inform teachers, colleagues, and friends so they can assist if necessary.

Read more about preventing anaphylaxis and other severe reactions.