6.5 Characters as symbols, metaphors, and archetypes

Characters as Symbols, Metaphors, and Archetypes

Introduction

Writers make intentional decisions on how to present their literary works. This includes manipulating literary elements to convey a specific purpose or meaning. The meaning of the work can shift from being literal to figurative through representations, associations, and comparisons proposed by the author. These connections enable readers to formulate interpretations, as the writing becomes more comprehensive.

Characters as symbols, metaphors, and archetypes play a crucial role in storytelling. Characters can serve as symbols, representing deeper meanings beyond their literal role in the narrative. They can be metaphors, drawing comparisons between themselves and larger concepts, and they can be archetypes, embodying universal human experiences.

Identifying the meaning of a literary work is closely related to understanding symbolism. Symbols refer to objects, characters, or events that can represent an idea or concept and emphasize different meanings. Readers must interpret these meanings through their own experiences and context from the text.

Some symbols can be universal and recurrent, allowing readers to make connections or associations prior to reading the text. Other symbols are contextual, meaning their significance is specific to the story in which they appear. In both cases, characters can be symbolic and stand for larger ideas.

Style & Structure

When determining the function of a symbol, it is important to consider the overall structure and style of a text. Writers make deliberate choices in syntax, imagery, diction, and metaphor to enhance meaning. This lesson will focus on how symbolism, archetypes, and metaphors contribute to a text’s depth and purpose.

The Role of Structure in Symbolism

• Paragraph Format: Writers use paragraph structure to guide a reader’s understanding of symbolic elements.

• Historical Context: The writing style of 17th-century authors differs from modern-day prose; sentence structure and paragraphing can shape the interpretation of symbols.

• Poetry vs. Prose: Poetic structure is highly intentional, with each stanza contributing to the poem’s overall symbolic meaning.

• Rhetorical Strategies: The way words and syntax are used influences the symbolism of a passage, helping to build the meaning of a work.

Archetypes: Universal Symbolism in Characters

What Are Archetypes?

Archetypes are universal patterns found in literature. These include characters, themes, symbols, settings, and situations that represent fundamental aspects of human nature. Archetypes shape a writing piece by representing common human experiences that transcend cultures and time periods.

Common Character Archetypes

1. The Hero: A courageous protagonist who embarks on a quest (e.g., Harry Potter, Odysseus).

2. The Mentor: A wise figure who guides the hero (e.g., Dumbledore, Gandalf).

3. The Villain: The antagonist who opposes the hero (e.g., Lord Voldemort, Sauron).

4. The Rebel: A character who challenges authority (e.g., Katniss Everdeen, Winston Smith).

5. The Trickster: A mischievous character who uses wit to navigate the world (e.g., Loki, Puck).

6. The Outcast: A character rejected by society (e.g., Hester Prynne, Frankenstein’s monster).

How Archetypes Affect Storytelling

Archetypes create a sense of familiarity for the audience, making stories more relatable and emotionally impactful. They also enhance character development, helping to define a character’s motivations, decisions, and growth throughout a story.

Metaphors: Characters as Conceptual Comparisons

What Is a Metaphor?

A metaphor is a literary device that compares two unrelated things without using “like” or “as.” A character can function as a metaphor when their personal struggles, experiences, or identity symbolize a larger concept.

Examples of Characters as Metaphors

1. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby – Gatsby symbolizes the American Dream and its illusory nature.

2. Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis – Gregor’s transformation into an insect symbolizes alienation and loss of identity.

3. Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird – Atticus represents justice and moral integrity.

4. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – The duality of Jekyll and Hyde symbolizes the conflict between good and evil within human nature.

5. The Monster in Frankenstein – The creature represents society’s rejection of the unknown and the consequences of playing God.

Extended Metaphors

An extended metaphor continues throughout a work rather than being a one-time comparison. For example, George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an extended metaphor for political corruption and revolution.

Characters as Symbols

What Are Symbolic Characters?

A symbolic character represents an idea, theme, or philosophy. Their actions, fate, and relationships contribute to a deeper interpretation of the story.

Examples of Symbolic Characters

1. Lennie Small in Of Mice and Men – Represents innocence and vulnerability.

2. Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter – Symbolizes sin, strength, and redemption.

3. Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick – Embodies obsession and self-destruction.

4. Simon in Lord of the Flies – Represents innate human goodness and spirituality.

5. Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby – Symbolizes wealth, beauty, and the emptiness of materialism.

How Symbolic Characters Impact Meaning

• They reinforce themes – Characters help develop the novel’s central messages.

• They evoke emotions – Readers connect with the symbolism behind characters.

• They shape narrative structure – The way symbolic characters evolve often dictates the story’s resolution.

Conclusion

The use of characters as symbols, metaphors, and archetypes is a powerful literary tool that adds depth and complexity to a narrative. Writers intentionally craft characters to represent ideas, themes, or universal patterns. Understanding these elements enhances a reader’s ability to interpret meaning and make connections across different literary works.